The use of stable isotopes (¹³C, ¹⁸O³⁴S, ¹⁸O (SO₄), ¹⁸O (CO₂), ²H, ¹⁸O, ¹¹B, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) allows the study of aquatic environment (the source of dissolved carbonate, source of water, source of data, mixing), the deep geothermal fluids (water source, source of elements, water-rock interaction, geothermometria) of geological materials (origin of carbonate rocks, travertine, etc.), of the atmosphere (the source of infection through the study of CO₂ and CO and control of human intervention in the surrounding cities or industrial zones).